使用 Three.js 实现后期处理(How to Use Post-Processing)

person 少陵野老    watch_later 2024-10-11 22:57:08
visibility 33    class How to Use Post-Processing    bookmark 专栏

后期处理是计算机图形学中的一种技术,用于在渲染场景后对图像进行额外的效果处理。这些效果可以提升视觉质量,使场景看起来更加生动。Three.js 提供了强大的后期处理功能,本文将详细介绍如何在 Three.js 中实现后期处理,包括常见效果的使用示例。

1. 理解后期处理的基本概念

后期处理通常涉及以下几个步骤:

  1. 渲染场景:首先,将场景渲染到一个纹理。
  2. 应用后期处理效果:使用着色器对渲染结果进行处理。
  3. 显示最终图像:将处理后的图像显示在屏幕上。

Three.js 通过 EffectComposerRenderPass 和各种效果 pass 提供了后期处理的支持。

2. 准备工作

确保在 HTML 文件中引入 Three.js 和相关的后期处理库:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>Three.js 后期处理示例</title>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/three.js/r128/three.min.js"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/three.js/r128/examples/jsm/postprocessing/EffectComposer.js"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/three.js/r128/examples/jsm/postprocessing/RenderPass.js"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/three.js/r128/examples/jsm/postprocessing/UnrealBloomPass.js"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/three.js/r128/examples/jsm/postprocessing/ShaderPass.js"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/three.js/r128/examples/jsm/shaders/CopyShader.js"></script>
    <style>
        body { margin: 0; }
        canvas { display: block; }
    </style>
</head>
<body>

3. 创建基本的 Three.js 场景

3.1 初始化场景、摄像机和渲染器

const scene = new THREE.Scene();
const camera = new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(75, window.innerWidth / window.innerHeight, 0.1, 1000);
const renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer({ antialias: true });
renderer.setSize(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight);
document.body.appendChild(renderer.domElement);

3.2 添加简单的 3D 对象

在场景中添加一些 3D 对象,如立方体和球体:

const geometryCube = new THREE.BoxGeometry(1, 1, 1);
const materialCube = new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({ color: 0xff0000 });
const cube = new THREE.Mesh(geometryCube, materialCube);
scene.add(cube);

const geometrySphere = new THREE.SphereGeometry(0.5, 32, 32);
const materialSphere = new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({ color: 0x0000ff });
const sphere = new THREE.Mesh(geometrySphere, materialSphere);
sphere.position.x = 2;
scene.add(sphere);

3.3 设置摄像机位置

设置摄像机的位置,以便能够看到场景中的对象:

camera.position.z = 5;

4. 初始化后期处理

4.1 创建 EffectComposer

EffectComposer 是 Three.js 后期处理的核心类,用于管理后期处理的所有 pass:

const composer = new THREE.EffectComposer(renderer);

4.2 添加 RenderPass

RenderPass 用于渲染场景并将结果传递给下一个 pass:

const renderPass = new THREE.RenderPass(scene, camera);
composer.addPass(renderPass);

4.3 添加后期处理效果

在这里,我们将添加一个简单的 Bloom 效果:

const bloomPass = new THREE.UnrealBloomPass(new THREE.Vector2(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight), 1.5, 0.4, 0.85);
composer.addPass(bloomPass);

5. 渲染循环

创建渲染循环来持续渲染场景并应用后期处理:

function animate() {
    requestAnimationFrame(animate);
    cube.rotation.x += 0.01;
    cube.rotation.y += 0.01;
    composer.render(); // 使用 composer 渲染
}

animate();

6. 完整示例代码

以下是一个完整的示例,展示了如何在 Three.js 中实现后期处理:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>Three.js 后期处理示例</title>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/three.js/r128/three.min.js"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/three.js/r128/examples/jsm/postprocessing/EffectComposer.js"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/three.js/r128/examples/jsm/postprocessing/RenderPass.js"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/three.js/r128/examples/jsm/postprocessing/UnrealBloomPass.js"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/three.js/r128/examples/jsm/postprocessing/ShaderPass.js"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/three.js/r128/examples/jsm/shaders/CopyShader.js"></script>
    <style>
        body { margin: 0; }
        canvas { display: block; }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <script>
        const scene = new THREE.Scene();
        const camera = new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(75, window.innerWidth / window.innerHeight, 0.1, 1000);
        const renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer({ antialias: true });
        renderer.setSize(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight);
        document.body.appendChild(renderer.domElement);

        const geometryCube = new THREE.BoxGeometry(1, 1, 1);
        const materialCube = new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({ color: 0xff0000 });
        const cube = new THREE.Mesh(geometryCube, materialCube);
        scene.add(cube);

        const geometrySphere = new THREE.SphereGeometry(0.5, 32, 32);
        const materialSphere = new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({ color: 0x0000ff });
        const sphere = new THREE.Mesh(geometrySphere, materialSphere);
        sphere.position.x = 2;
        scene.add(sphere);

        camera.position.z = 5;

        // 后期处理
        const composer = new THREE.EffectComposer(renderer);
        const renderPass = new THREE.RenderPass(scene, camera);
        composer.addPass(renderPass);

        const bloomPass = new THREE.UnrealBloomPass(new THREE.Vector2(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight), 1.5, 0.4, 0.85);
        composer.addPass(bloomPass);

        function animate() {
            requestAnimationFrame(animate);
            cube.rotation.x += 0.01;
            cube.rotation.y += 0.01;
            composer.render(); // 使用 composer 渲染
        }

        animate();
    </script>
</body>
</html>

7. 添加更多后期处理效果

Three.js 提供了多种后期处理效果,你可以根据需要添加:

7.1 颜色校正(ShaderPass)

const shaderPass = new THREE.ShaderPass(THREE.CopyShader);
shaderPass.renderToScreen = true; // 渲染到屏幕
composer.addPass(shaderPass);

7.2 组合多个效果

可以将多个效果组合使用,例如同时使用 Bloom 和颜色校正:

composer.addPass(renderPass);
composer.addPass(bloomPass);
composer.addPass(shaderPass);

8. 处理窗口调整

确保在窗口调整大小时更新渲染器和后期处理:

window.addEventListener('resize', () => {
    camera.aspect = window.innerWidth / window.innerHeight;
    camera.updateProjectionMatrix();
    renderer.setSize(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight);
    composer.setSize(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight); // 更新 composer 尺寸
});

9. 结论

在本文中,我们详细探讨了如何在 Three.js 中实现后期处理,包括基本的场景设置、后期处理效果的添加以及如何组合多个效果。后期处理可以显著提升图像质量,使得应用更具吸引力。希望这篇博客能够帮助你更好地理解 Three.js 的后期处理!如有任何问题或建议,欢迎在评论区留言讨论!

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